Wednesday, June 03, 2009 10:27 AM
Denmark, Germany and Spain seem to be doing just fine getting on with a rapid increase in renewable energy, energy efficiency and reduced reliance on coal, which besides being the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions is also so destructive to rural water supplies, agricultural output and the health of rural communities.
'Denmark transitioned from being 99 percent dependent on foreign energy sources such as oil and coal in 1970 to becoming a net exporter of natural gas, oil and electricity today. Denmark has the largest portfolio of wind projects integrated into their power grid and ranks fifth in terms of total domestic capacity. The country is the unchallenged world leader in terms of wind technology, exporting US$7.45 billion in energy technology and equipment in 2005. Primary energy consumption nationally has grown only 4 percent from 1980 to 2004, even though the economy grew more than 64 percent in fixed prices. At the same time, total CO2 emissions decreased by 16 percent.
How Did They Do It?
Denmark has a long tradition for broad political alliances on energy policies and the implementation of well-designed, consistent policy mechanisms. New policies are typically negotiated in a transparent manner with all political parties and possible stakeholders, and have included:
· Energy taxes, first passed in 1974 as a response to the energy crises, kept high and not lowered after fossil fuel prices dropped in the 1980s;
· A feed-in tariff requiring utilities to buy all power produced from renewable energy technologies at a rate equal to70 to 85 percent the consumer retail price of electricity in a given distribution area;
· Environmentally friendly zoning that forced cogeneration units to replace district heating units and prohibited the use of oil, diesel, and coal for many generators;
· Long-term financing reduced the risk of building larger projects and encouraging local manufacturing;
· Open and guaranteed access to the grid where Transmission System Operators (TSOs) are required to finance, construct, interconnect, and operate the transformer stations and transmission and distribution infrastructure for renewable energy technologies;
· A general carbon tax on all forms of energy, adding around 1.3 euro cents per kWh of additional income for renewable energy generators;
· Streamlined permitting that made the Danish Energy Authority the “one-stop-shop” for tendering of bids for renewable energy construction; approval of pre-investigation of sites, environmental impact assessments, construction and operation; and licenses to produce electricity.
http://www.scitizen.com/stories/Future-Energies/2008/03/Is-the-Danish-Renewable-Energy-Model-Replicable/